Pancreatic Cancer

Pancreatic cancer is a type of cancer that starts in the pancreas, an organ located behind the stomach that plays a vital role in digestion and blood sugar regulation. It is known for being particularly aggressive and difficult to detect in its early stages, often leading to a poor prognosis.

Symptoms

• Abdominal Pain: Often located in the upper abdomen and may radiate to the back.
• Weight Loss: Unintentional weight loss without trying.
• Jaundice: Yellowing of the skin and eyes, due to bile duct obstruction.
• Loss of Appetite: A decrease in hunger or desire to eat.
• Nausea and Vomiting: Feelings of nausea, sometimes with vomiting.
• Fatigue: Unusual tiredness or weakness.
• Changes in Stool: Pale or greasy stools due to fat malabsorption.

Causes

• Smoking: Tobacco use is one of the most significant risk factors.
• Obesity: Excess body weight increases the risk of developing pancreatic cancer.
• Diabetes: Long-standing diabetes, particularly type 2, can increase risk.
• Family History: A family history of pancreatic cancer or certain genetic syndromes can raise risk.
• Age: The risk increases with age, particularly after 45 years.
• Chronic Pancreatitis: Inflammation of the pancreas over time can contribute to cancer risk.
• Diet: High intake of red and processed meats may increase risk.

Treatment

• Surgery: The Whipple procedure (pancreaticoduodenectomy) is often performed if the cancer is detected early and is localized. Other surgeries may include distal pancreatectomy or total pancreatectomy.
• Chemotherapy: Drugs are used to kill cancer cells or stop their growth. Common regimens may include combinations like FOLFIRINOX or Gemcitabine with nab-paclitaxel.
• Radiation Therapy: This may be used in conjunction with chemotherapy or after surgery to target any remaining cancer cells.
• Targeted Therapy: Drugs that target specific pathways involved in cancer growth (e.g., PARP inhibitors for BRCA-mutated pancreatic cancer).
• Immunotherapy: Treatments that help the immune system recognize and attack cancer cells, though they are not yet widely used for pancreatic cancer.
• Palliative Care: Focused on improving quality of life, managing symptoms, and providing support to patients and their families.